Fernando Botero

Fernando Botero

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Datos generales

Nombre	Fernando Botero Angulo
Fecha de nacimiento	19 de abril de 1932
Nacionalidad	Colombiana }}
Ocupación	Pintor, dibujante y escultor
Bachillerato	Colegio de Jesuitas de Bolívar
País de nacimiento	Colombia, }}
Ciudad de nacimiento	Medellín
Familia	David Botero Mejía (Padre), Flora Angulo de Botero (Madre), Juan David (Hermano), Rodrigo (Hermano), Fernando Botero Zea (hijo), Lina Botero Zea (Hija), Juan Carlos Botero Zea (Hijo), Pedrito Botero Zambrano (Hijo)

Fernando Botero is a Colombian artist that has produced paintings, drawings, and sculptures, born in Medellin on April 19, 1932. Botero is one of the most recognized plastic artists in Colombia in recent decades. His vast work, now fully consolidated, his deliberate dislike for contemporary art and his extensive knowledge of the history of classical painting make Botero an exceptional artist in the country and the rest of Latin America. His paintings and drawings are highly personal works that in no way can be confused with the various international figurative positions of recent years. His art is, to some extent, retrograde and provincial. It depends more on the art of the great masters, on popular art, on the pre-Columbian tradition, on the imagery of the colonial period of Latin America, than on any figurative "ism".

Biography

Born in Medellín on April 19, 1932, Botero was the second of three children of David Botero Mejía, a businessman, and Flora Angulo de Botero, a seamstress. His older brother Juan David had been born four years earlier, and his younger brother Rodrigo was born in 1936, the same year his father died.

In 1938 Botero began his primary education and continued his secondary education at the Bolívar Jesuit School.

In 1948, at the age of 16, he published his first illustrations in the Sunday magazine of El Colombiano, one of the most important newspapers in Medellín. After finishing his high school studies in 1950, he moved to Bogotá in 1951.

In 1955 he married the cultural manager Gloria Zea, with whom he had three children: Fernando, Lina, and Juan Carlos. The latter was born in 1960, the same year Botero separated from his first wife.

In 1964 he married for the second time with Cecilia Zambrano, with whom he had his fourth child: Pedrito, born in 1970. In 1974, when he was but four years old, the boy died in a family traffic accident in Spain. The marriage did not overcome the loss of the child and Botero separated for the second time.

In 1973, he settled in Paris, where he met the Greek sculptor and painter Sophia Vari, whom he married in 1978. He now lives between Paris, Pietrasanta, and New York.

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Portrait of Botero. Photo: Hernán Díaz

Artistic career

Botero's first known works are drawings: the illustrations for the literary supplement of the El Colombiano newspaper in Medellín. In 1951, after moving to Bogotá, he had his first individual exhibition at the Leo Matiz gallery, presenting watercolors, gouaches, ink drawings, and oils. With the sales of some of his works exhibited on that occasion, he settled in Tolú. On his return to the capital, he exhibited again, this time with more success. At the IX National Artists’ Salon, held in 1952, Botero won second prize in oil painting with “Frente al mar” (In Front of the Sea). He was 20 years old at the time and decided to travel to Europe. He spent a short time at the San Fernando Academy in Madrid and then at the San Marco Academy in Florence, where he took classes on the art of the Italian Quattrocento with Roberto Longhi.

He remained in Europe until 1955. Of these years in Europe, Botero has commented: "I actually consider myself self-taught. I worked for three years in fine arts schools, but practically never had a teacher. I learned by reading, going at museums, and above all painting."

In 1956 he traveled to Mexico, then to Washington and New York. On his return to Colombia in 1957, his oil painting Contrapunto he shared the second prize in painting at the X National Artists’ Salon with Alejandro Obregón and Jorge Elías Triana. In 1958, he won the first prize in the XI National Artists’ Salon, with the oil painting La camera degli sposi (Homage to Mantegna). Since then, Botero's dealings with the great masters of the past and with a few modern ones have been constant. Botero strove to—and indeed did—paint and draw like the best. In pursuit of this aim he not only visited the museums and methodically studied techniques and procedures but also worked long hours. This familiarity with and admiration for art since the Renaissance explains the charcoal work Dinner with Ingres and Piero della Francesca (1972), in which Botero sits at the table with the French Neoclassical painter and the great Italian painter of the Quattrocento.

But although Botero has taken a seat at the table with European masters thanks to his talent, commitment, and hard work, Botero continues to be an artist from Latin America, from Colombia, and even from Medellin: "Many artists believe that art becomes universal if you copy universally. I don't think so. I think you have to be honest with yourself, and by being honest you can reach people all over the world [...] I am the most Colombian of Colombian artists, even though I have lived outside of Colombia for so long, since 1960 [...] In a way, I paint Colombia the way I want it to be, but it is not really like that. It is an imaginary Colombia that both is and is not the same as the true Colombia.” In 1961, he moved to New York, where he worked for twelve years. He then settled in Paris. Nevertheless, Botero is a true representative of Latin American art not only because of his themes of nuns, prelates, military men, brothels, villages with simple houses, and still lifes with tropical fruits, but also because of his magical realism.

Botero stated in 1967: "I am a protest against modern painting and yet I use what is hidden behind its back, playing ironically with everything that is absolutely known to everyone. I paint figuratively and realistically, but not in the flat sense of fidelity to nature. I never give a brushstroke that does not describe something real: a mouth, a hill, a pitcher, a tree. But what I describe is a reality found by me. It could be formulated in this way: I describe realistically an unrealistic reality.” Tracy Atkinson, one of several foreign critics who have discussed Botero’s work, wrote, "Botero’s world is people in a broad sense. A repertoire that is generally absurd and a bit pathetic. But the warmth and sympathy of its treatment saves it from its ugliness and makes it instantly unforgettable. The artist’s attitude is so intense and consistent that it reaches into all things”.

In Botero’s paintings are figures encircled by lines. Even in his Expressionist phase, we see vehement strokes that define the representation. His oeuvre contains large format drawings, many on canvas. Undoubtedly, Botero gives special importance to drawing.

His is a world suffering from gigantism, but full of innocence and the best of attitudes. Behind this theme appears the quality of the painting itself, which is exceptional from the point of view of the craft. Botero's paintings are, above all, paintings of great beauty. The artist has chosen a traditional manner of painting, but this is so transformed by his personal vision that it becomes unique and very original. He works from a known and well-remembered world, but in it many wonderful things arise and take place: the composition of eight prelates piled up on top of each other like the fruits in a still life in the oil painting Obispos Muertos (Dead Bishops), 1965; the disproportion between the tiny first lady and the military giant, with a tiny cup, from the oil painting Dictador tomando chocolate (Dictator Drinking Hot Chocolate), 1969; or the presence of a snake and a crocodile on the floor of the room in the oil painting Familia con animales colombianos (Family with Colombian Animals), 1970. The catalog of Botero's exhibition, organized by the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington in 1979, divided his works into six categories: 1) religion: Madonnas, saints, devils, cardinals, bishops, nuncios, mothers superior, nuns; 2) masters of art history: various interpretations of works by Jan van Eyck, Masaccio, Paolo Uccello, Andrea Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Lucas Cranach, Albrecht Dürer, Caravaggio, El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán, Juan Sánchez Cotán, Georges de la Tour, etc.; 3) still and moving lifes: animals, especially in the sculptures of recent years; 4) nudes and sexual manners: particularly whorehouse scenes; 5) politicians, presidents, first ladies, military men; and 6) real and imaginary people: the cyclist Ramon Hoyos, art dealers, members of his family, numerous self-portraits, and many anonymous characters who pose, eat, dance or ride horses.

Among the imaginary people are the bullfighters and many other characters from that world, a recurring theme in Botero's work since the early eighties, as seen in his Flamenco tablaos. According to Simón Alberto Consalvi, "Botero's bullfighting is a confession: an exercise in nostalgia and, finally, a celebration of great bulls, brave matadors, Bourbon horsemen, suicide horses, and celebratory muses." But the raucous celebration cannot be understood without the presence of death, and Botero knows this well; he has produced works such as Toro muriendo (Dying Bull), oil, 1985 and Muerte de Ramón Torres (Death of Ramón Torres), oil, 1986, in which the winner is a skeleton wielding a sword while riding the animal. Since 1976, Botero has combined his work in painting and drawing with sculpture.

In 1977, he exhibited his sculptures for the first time at the Grand Palais in Paris. Including some previous works made with acrylic paste that date back to the early sixties, Botero today has an abundant three-dimensional oeuvre, especially in bronze and marble. Reading the artist's own texts that comment on his sculptures, one can easily understand the archaization that characterizes of all his three-dimensional works. Botero speaks, for example, of again confronting the problem of seeking the spirit of colonial sculpture, within traditional materials such as bronze or marble, with roots in pre-Columbian art and taking inspiration from popular Mexican art pieces.

It cannot be denied that in the best workshops of Pietrasanta in Tuscany, Italy, Botero has produced sculptures of a remarkably high quality, especially when he has enlarged a fragment of the human body or created an absurd contrast between two figures or parts of a body. Botero has received recognition, such as the exhibition of his sculptures in the Champs Elysees in Paris (1992) and on Fifth Avenue in New York (1993), as well as the exhibition La corrida in the Luis Angel Arango Library in Bogota (1993). Even today, Botero seems inexhaustible. Creator of an unmistakable "race," possessor of an unlimited imagination, taster of the best classical painters, connoisseur of all the traditional crafts of painting, drawing, and sculpture, legitimate son of Colombia and Latin America, the image maker from Antioquia assures us that the problem lies not in changing but in deepening [See Volume 6, Art, p. 127-128].

Timeline

• 1932: Born in Medellín, Antioquia.
• 1936: His father David Botero, who would later become a recurring subject of his work, dies at the age of 40.
• 1949: Works as an illustrator for the newspaper El Colombiano of Medellín.
• 1950: Participates in the Salon of Antioquian Painters held at the Institute of Fine Arts in Medellin.
• 1951: First exhibition in Bogota at the Leo Matiz Art Gallery.
• 1952: Obtains the second prize in the IX National Artists' Salon with the painting Frente al mar (In Front of the Sea), 1952. He journeys to Europe to train as a painter.
• 1955: Returns to Colombia and settles in Bogotá. Exhibits at the National Library in Bogota.
• 1956: Travels and settles in Mexico to continue his training as a painter.
• 1957: Shares the second prize in painting at the X National Artists’ Salon with Alejandro Obregón and Jorge Elías Triana with Alejandro Obregón for the oil painting Contrapunto (1957).
• 1958: The inaugural exhibition of the Luis Angel Arango Library in Bogotá enjoys Botero's participation with Mandolina sobre una silla (Mandolin on a Chair), 1957.
  • First prize in the XI National Artists’ Salon with the oil painting La camera degli sposi (Homage to Mantegna) (1958).
• 1959: Represents Colombia at the fifth São Paulo Biennial along with Enrique Grau, Alejandro Obregón, Eduardo Ramírez Villamizar, Armando Villegas y Guillermo Wiedemann.
• 1960: Guggenheim International Award for the painting Arzodiablomaquia (1960). Settles in New York.
• 1961: His work Monalisa a los doce años (Mona Lisa at Age Twelve), 1959, is acquired by the New York Museum of Modern Art (MoMA).
• 1962: Solo show at The Contemporaries in New York.
• 1964: Solo show at the Bogotá Museum of Modern Art (MAMBO).
• 1966: First solo show in Europe at Staatliche Kunsthalle from Baden Baden, Alemania.
• 1967: His work La familia presidencial (The Presidential Family), 1967, is acquired by the New York Museum of Modern Art (MoMA).
• 1976: A retrospective exhibition is held at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Caracas. The Venezuelan government awards him the Order of Andrés Bello.
• 1977: Obtains the Cross of Boyacá in the grade of Officer. He exhibits his sculptures for the first time at the Grand Palais in Paris. The Pedrito Botero hall in the Museum of Antioquia is inaugurated with a donation of 16 works by the artist, as a tribute to his son who died in 1974.
• 1980: Sets up a residence in Pietrasanta, Italia, where he produces his sculpture in bronze and marble.
• 1984: Donates a sculpture hall to the Museum of Antioquia in Medellín and the National Library of Colombia in Bogotá.
• 1987: A retrospective exhibition of his work is held at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid.
• 1992: Presents 32 sculptures at Champs-Elysées in Paris.
• 1993: Sculptures exhibited along Fifth Avenue in New York.

Presents the exhibition La corrida at the Luis Ángel Arango Library in Bogotá.

• 1995: A terrorist attack targets the sculpture El pájaro (The Bird) in San Antonio Square in Medellín, killing 30 people.
• 1998: Presents 24 sculpture at Praça do Comércio in Lisbon.
• 2000: Donates 208 of his own works and his collection of international art to Banco de la República in Bogotá, thus creating the Botero Museum. A donation of 108 works is made to the Museo de Antioquia in Medellín as well. Plaza Botero in Medellín opens with 23 of his sculptures.
• 2004: Donates a series of works on violence called El dolor de Colombia (Colombia's Pain) to Colombia's National Museum of Bogotá.
• 2007: Donates the 47 works of his series Abu Ghraib (2005) to the University of California, Berkeley.
• 2012: Retrospective exhibition at Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City. He donates the series El Viacrucis (The Way of the Cross), 2011, to the Museo de Antioquia in Medellín.
• 2015: Exhibition El circo (The Circus) in Medellín.
• 2015-2016: Anthological exhibition at China's National Museum in Beijing and the China Art Museum in Shanghai. Exhibits the series Boterosutra (2013) at Musée Würth in Erstein, France.
• 2018: Exhibition El joven maestro. Botero, obra temprana (The Young Master
• 2020: Botero Museum in Bogotá turns 20.

Featured works

• 1952: Frente al mar (In Front of the Sea)
  • Cocos (Coconuts)
• 1957: Contrapunto
  • Mandolina sobre una silla: Mandolina sobre una silla (Mandolin on a Chair)
• 1958: La Camara degli sposi (Homaje to Mantegna)
• 1959: Monalisa a los doce años (Mona Lisa at Age Twelve)
• 1960: Arzodiablomaquia
• 1961: Obispos muertos (Dead Bishop)
• 1963: Nuestra señora de Fátima (Our Lady of Fatima)
• 1965: La familia Pinzón (The Pinzón Family)
• 1967: La familia presidencial (The Presidential Family)
• 1975: Mano izquierda (Left Hand)
• 1978: El matrimonio Arnolfini (The Arnolfini Marriage)
• 1978: Monalisa (Mona Lisa)
• 1988: La cornada (The Goring)
• 1989: Una familia (A Family)
  • Caminando cerca al río (Walking Along the River)
• 1990: El estudio (The Studio)
• 1995: El pájaro (The Bird)
• 2000: Masacre de Mejor Esquina (Mejor Esquina Massacre)
• 2005: Abu Ghraib (series)
• 2004-2007: El circo (The Circus), series
• 2011: Viacrucis (The Way of the Cross), series
• 2013: Boterosutra (series)

Botero Museum

In the year 2000, Fernando Botero donated to Banco de la República an art collection of 208 works, 123 of his own and 85 by renowned international nineteenth and twentieth century artists. Botero Museum was founded with this collection in La Candelaria neighborhood, the historical center of Bogota, in a large colonial house that until 1955 was the seat of the city’s archbishop. The building was restored and adapted to the needs of the museum by Banco de la República under the precepts and curation of Master Botero himself with the support of Ana María Escallón. Since November 1, 2000, the donation has been freely available to the public. During Botero Museum’s opening ceremony, the artist declared:

"Para mí es un placer infinito saber que estas obras pertenecen hoy a Colombia; saber que los estudiantes que ingresen a esta casa, entrarán en contacto con las corrientes artísticas más importantes de nuestro tiempo, contemplando aquí permanentemente, obras originales de grandes maestros; saber que los amantes de la pintura y la escultura puedan venir a visitar este remanso de paz y pasearse tranquilamente por estas salas, dejándose inundar por la estética moderna

History of the house

The headquarters of Botero Museum, located on Calle 11 between Carrera 4 and Carrera 5, was built between 1724 and 1733 to be the palace of the archbishop of Santa Fe. Years later, the Mint was built next to the palace by its director Tomás Sánchez Reciente. The first renovation of the palace took place between 1788 and 1790 during the administration of the bishop Antonio Caballero y Góngora, in order to expand the library area and the space for the art collection. Notable aspects of its architecture were the presence of a chimney and a water fountain in the interior courtyard, exotic features that in the colonial era denoted luxury and power

The archbishop's palace was the target of several attacks in 1862 and 1886. However, on April 9, 1948, the day of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's assassination and as a result of the riots and looting that occurred in response in the center of Bogotá, the house was burned down and completely destroyed. Banco de la República then decided to acquire the land and to undertake the work of reconstructing it based on aerial photographs and images of the original facade. In 1955, it was rented to the Supreme Court of Justice, and in 1979 it became the Luis López de Mesa Newspaper Library. After the takeover of the Palace of Justice in November 1985, the house was again used as a temporary Supreme Court. In the nineties, the house was transformed into an art exhibition area and offices for the Cultural Division of Banco de la República. In the year 2000, following Fernando Botero’s donation of the 208 works, the house was again reformed to become the permanent venue of the Botero Museum.

International art collection

The international collection donated by Fernando Botero consists of 85 artworks. These comprise drawings, watercolors, oil paintings, and sculptures by world-renown artists working in the late nineteenth century and the twentieth century. These are exhibited in the eastern side of the house.

The first room on the first floor houses works of French Impressionism, including artists Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Gustave Caillebotte, Edgar Degas, and the post-Impressionist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Pierre Bonnard and Edouard Vuillard are present in the room as well.

Next come Surrealist, Cubist, or German Expressionist artists, representatives of the avant-garde of the early twentieth century. Here we find the likes of Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso, Max Beckmann, Georges Braque, Alberto Giacometti, and Joan Miró. The following space is composed of drawings and watercolors by George Grosz, Henri Matisse, Gustav Klimt, Sonia Delaunay, Balthus, and Lucian Freud, among others.

En el segundo piso aparecen vanguardias americanas posteriores incluyendo el expresionismo abstracto de Robert Rauschenberg y Willem de Kooning, además de obras de Francis Bacon y Antoni Tàpies. También son exhibidos algunos artistas latinoamericanos como Wifredo Lam, Roberto Matta, Joaquín Torres García y Rufino Tamayo.

La última sala de colección internacional contiene esculturas de varios artistas, desde Marx Ernst, Henry Moore, hasta Alexander Calder y Henry Laurens. Colección de obras realizadas por Fernando Botero

Las 123 obras de Botero se caracterizan por pertenecer a un periodo artístico que va desde la década de los setenta hasta finales de los noventa, donde el artista evidencia que su estilo volumétrico y monumental se encuentra completamente consolidado. De igual manera se observa la variedad de temas que ha abordado en su trayectoria, como por ejemplo la familia latinoamericana en las obras Una familia (1989), Maternidad (s.f) y Hombre, mujer y niño (s.f), la religión católica en pinturas como Caminando cerca al río (1989), Madre superiora (1996), y las esculturas Adán (s.f) y Eva (s.f) y la violencia en las pinturas Guerrilla de Eliseo Velásquez (1988) o Manuel Marulanda "Tiro Fijo" (1999). También están presentes obras que relatan su vida familiar y personal como Hombre a caballo (1994), Retrato de mi madre (1990) y Pedrito (1997), además de sus acostumbradas naturalezas muertas y sus homenajes a grandes artistas de la historia del arte occidental, a través de las pinturas Monalisa (1978), El estudio (1990) y Maribárbola (1984).

Las obras de Fernando Botero son exhibidas en el costado opuesto de la casa, es decir el costado occidental, dispuestas de acuerdo al tamaño y a la técnica, motivo por el cual aparecen salas de óleo a gran formato, salas de dibujo, acuarela y pastel, una sala de obras en formato pequeño y una sala de esculturas en bronce y mármol. El Museo Botero hace parte de la Manzana Cultural del Banco de la República, por lo cual se conecta con el Museo de Arte Miguel Urrutia y con el Museo Casa de Moneda.

Obras de Fernando Botero en las Colecciones del Banco de la República

Obras de Oscar Muñoz en la Colección de Arte del Banco de la República

Título	Año	Ubicación	Denominación	Registro
Cocos	1952	Reserva	Pintura	AP5321
Mandolina sobre una silla	1957	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo de Arte Miguel Urrutia (MAMU), Exposición Permanente de la Colección de Arte, Clásicos, experimentales y radicales	Pintura	AP0001
Monalisa	1978	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Pintura	AP3380
Mano izquierda	1975	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Escultura	AP3347
Pareja bailando	1987	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Pintura	AP3218
Una familia	1989	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Pintura	AP3336
Caminando cerca al río	1989	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Pintura	AP3217
El estudio	1990	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Pintura	AP3222
Masacre de Mejor Esquina	2000	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Pintura	AP3388
Venus dormida	Sin fecha	EN EXHIBICIÓN Bogotá, Centro Cultural de Bogotá, Museo Botero	Escultura	AP3338

Véase también

• Alejandro Obregón
• Museo Botero
• Doris Salcedo
• Colección de Arte del Banco de la República
• Beatriz González

Obras de Fernando Botero en la Colección de Arte del Banco de la República

Explora las obras de Fernando Botero en la Colección de Arte

Bibliografía

• Arciniegas, G. (1979). Fernando Botero. Madrid: Edilerner Internacional.
• Botero, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Caracas, 1976, texto: Michel Lancelot. CABALLERO BONALD, JOSÉ MARÍA.
• Botero, La Corrida. (1989). Barcelona, Lerner y Lerner.
• Escallon, A,M.,y Calderón, C. BOTERO. La Corrida. Bogotá, Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango, 1993.
• Fernando Botero. Pinturas, dibujos, esculturas, Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, 1987. LASCAULT, GILBERT. Botero, la pintura. Barcelona, Lerner y Leiner, 1992.
• MCcabe, Cynthia Jaffee. Fernando Botero. Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. MEDINA, ALVARO. "Botero encuentra a Botero". En: Procesos del arte en Colombia. Bogotá, Colcultura, 1978.
• Paquet, M. (1992). Botero, filosofía de la creación. Bélgica, Lanoo, Tielt, 1985 y Mallard Press.
• Ratcliff, C. (1980). Botero. Nueva York: Abbeville Press.
• Rios, K. (2002). El Museo Botero. Obtenido de Banrepcultural: https://www.banrepcultural.org/bogota/museo-botero/historia
• Rubiano, Germán. (1975). "La figuración tradicionalista". En: Historia del arte colombiano. Barcelona: Salvat Editores.
• Sullivan, Edward. (1986). Botero. Sculpture. Nueva York: Abbeville Press.
• Traba, M. (1963). Seis artistas contemporáneos colombianos. Bogotá: Antares.
• Traba, M. (1974). "Las dos líneas extremas de la pintura colombiana: Botero y Ramírez Villamizar". En: Historia abierta del arte colombiano. Cali: Museo de Arte Moderno La Tertulia.*

Enlaces relacionados en Banrepcutural

1. [1] Línea de tiempo interactiva de la vida de Fernando Botero
2. [2] Consulte el listado de la materiales disponibles en la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango.
3. [3] Lea el artículo "Botero encuentra a Botero", publicado en el libro "Procesos del arte en Colombia".
4. [4] Lea el libro "Colección Botero en primera persona del singular".
5. [5] Consulte el libro "Fernando Botero, la pintura como mundo".
6. [6] Lea la reseña "El abanico de Botero", escrita por Hernando Valencia Goelkel.
7. [7] Lea la crítica de "La corrida", escrita por Darío Jaramillo Agudelo para la revista Credencial Historia.

Créditos

1. Investigación y texto: María Clara Martínez Rivera y Mónica Piragauta Roldán, mediadora de los Museos y colecciones del Banco de la República, para Banrepcultural.

2.Revisión y edición de textos: Inti Camila Romero Estrada y Diana Marcela Salas Solorzano…Servicios al Público y Educativos, Unidad de Arte y Otras Colecciones (UAOC)

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